{"id":28789,"date":"2026-06-24T15:04:33","date_gmt":"2026-06-24T09:19:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/english.kathmandupati.com\/?p=28789"},"modified":"2026-06-24T15:28:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-24T09:43:17","slug":"breaking-the-barriers-advancing-women-in-diplomacy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/english.kathmandupati.com\/?p=28789","title":{"rendered":"Breaking the barriers: Advancing women in diplomacy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

kathmandu<\/strong>– Diplomacy is an art of managing relations among states, governments and international actors through dialogues and negotiations to protect national interests, promote cooperation and resolves conflicts. A balanced participation of men and women in diplomacy is essential for the constructive, inclusive and meaningful global progress and prosperity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, despite global commitments to gender equality and women empowerment, overall diplomacy is overwhelmingly male dominated due to persistent systemic, structural, and institutional barriers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historical perspectives<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historically, diplomacy was viewed as an exclusively male domain. Heads of state, heads of government, foreign ministers, ambassadors, negotiators, and leaders of international organizations were predominantly men. Women were often confined to supporting roles, including those of diplomats\u2019 spouses, social facilitators or administrative personnel. In many countries, married women were barred from diplomatic service until the latter half of the twentieth century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nevertheless, women have consistently demonstrated exceptional leadership in international affairs. Queen Elizabeth I, Queen Victoria, Queen Elizabeth II of the UK and Queen Maria Theresa of Austria are the influential Heads of States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Powerful female political leaders such as Indira Gandhi of India, Golda Meir of Israel, Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom, Helen Clark of New Zealand, Mary Robinson of Ireland, Angela Merkel of Germany, and Jacinda Ardern of New Zealand created legacies showing that women can effectively lead nations through periods of profound political, economic, and social transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Women have also played a critical role in shaping the international human rights framework. During the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady of the USA and other pioneering women delegates successfully advocated for language that recognized the equal rights and dignity of all men and women. Likewise, women delegates such as Bertha Lutz of Brazil and Minerva Bernardino of the Dominican Republic ensured that the United Nations Charter explicitly affirmed the equal rights of men and women. Notably, there were only four women signatories among total 850 signatories of the United Nations Charter in San Francisco in 1945, who laid foundation for gender equality within the United Nations system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Progress and persistent challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In recent decades, the presence of women in diplomacy has gradually increased. Nevertheless, female representation in the highest levels of global leadership remains inadequate. LSE IDEAS report indicates that only 25 countries had a female Head of State or Government in 2025, while 113 countries still had no female Head of State. The 2025 Women in Diplomacy Index reveals that women constitute only 22.5 percent of ambassadors worldwide and 22.9 percent of cabinet ministers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Within the United Nations, women occupy nearly half of senior positions across various departments and agencies. However, no woman has yet served as Secretary-General although around five women have held the presidency of the UN General Assembly. Although some international organizations including World Trade Organization, the European Commission and the International Monetary Fund are currently led by women leaders, the overall representation of women is nominal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Defining the barriers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The United Nations Human Rights Council and UN Women have identified several persistent barriers that hinder women\u2019s advancement into leadership positions, commonly defined as the \u201cglass ceiling,\u201d \u201cglass walls,\u201d and \u201cglass cliffs.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The glass ceiling refers to invisible barriers that prevent women from reaching senior leadership positions such as foreign minister, ambassador, or head of an international organization. Glass walls channel women into traditionally \u201csoft\u201d sectors such as human rights, humanitarian affairs, and development while limiting their access to strategic portfolios. Glass cliffs describe situations in which women are appointed to leadership positions during periods of crisis or instability, when the likelihood of failure is higher.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Women also continue to face gender stereotypes, discriminatory attitudes, sexism, and sexual harassment. Workplace inflexibility, inadequate childcare support, difficulties in maintaining work-life balance, and online harassment further impede women\u2019s professional advancement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Addressing these barriers requires renewed commitment and stronger efforts to achieve gender balance, equality, and meaningful participation in leadership and decision-making roles. Persistent gender imbalances must be recognized and addressed through comprehensive systemic reforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Normative frameworks for gender equality<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Several normative frameworks have been established to advance gender equality. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the Sustainable Development Goals, and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda are the frameworks that emphasize the importance of women\u2019s equal participation in decision-making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Likewise, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 is a milestone document adopted in 2000 that calls for increased participation of women in peacebuilding, conflict prevention, conflict resolution, and post-conflict reconstruction. Similarly, Security Council Resolution 1820 focuses on eliminating sexual violence in armed conflict and strengthening accountability mechanisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The observance of International Women\u2019s Day on 8 March every year serves as an important platform for advocacy and awareness regarding women\u2019s rights and leadership. UN Women has consistently championed gender-responsive foreign policies, encouraging the integration of gender perspectives in all aspects of foreign policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other significant frameworks include the Human Rights Council Resolution 58\/15 on \u201cWomen, Diplomacy and Human Rights,\u201d and the Commission on the Status of Women, that not only acknowledge persistent barriers, but also advocate for the full, equal, meaningful, and safe participation of women in leadership and decision-making in all spheres including diplomacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNGA resolution A\/RES\/76\/269 proclaimed 24 June every year as the International Day of Women in Diplomacy with an aim to honor the contributions of women who serve in diplomatic roles across the globe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Nepali context<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nepal is strongly committed to women\u2019s rights and empowerment through its foreign policy and international engagements. The country supports the implementation of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda, Sustainable Development Goals, CEDAW, and multiple regional initiatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nepal has made remarkable progress in promoting gender equality. Mrs. Bidhya Devi Bhandari became the first female President of Nepal, while Mrs. Sushila Karki became the first Prime Minister of Interim Government of Nepal following the Gen-Z movement in September 2025 who had also served as the first female Chief Justice of Nepal. Mrs. Sewa Lamsal, as the first female Foreign Secretary, and Mrs. Lila Devi Gadtaula, as the first female Chief Secretary, have set up inspiring examples of women\u2019s leadership in public service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, six out of the seventeen members of Council of Minister of Nepal are women, reflecting gradual improvements in women\u2019s political representation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since diplomacy is not confined to Ministry of Foreign Affairs only, the empowerment of all female leaders, parliamentarians and ministers is quintessential for the advancement of overall diplomacy as such.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, female diplomats constitute 108 out of 375 officials, representing approximately 28.8 percent of the workforce. Among them, 5 are female Joint Secretaries, 23 Under Secretaries, 46 gazette officers, and 34 non-gazette female officers. This, however, points that senior positions are still predominantly occupied by men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Constitutional Provisions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Constitution of Nepal (2015) guarantees women\u2019s participation across various sectors, including governance and international affairs. It mandates that at least one-third of the members elected from each political party represented in federal and provincial legislatures must be women. It ensures women\u2019s participation through proportional system as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Constitution guarantees women representation in key constitutional positions including the President and Vice-President, Speaker and Deputy Speaker, Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of the National Assembly, as well as local government leadership positions such as Mayor and Deputy Mayor. These provisions pave the way for women to engage in diplomacy, international cooperation, and leadership. Undoubtedly, the recruitment and appointment process is largely male-dominated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nepali women ambassadors<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So far only fifteen Nepali women have served as ambassadors till date while several others have got the opportunity to serve as charg\u00e9 d’affaires. Bindeshwari Shah is widely recognized as Nepal\u2019s first female Ambassador to India and is applauded for her diplomatic acumen during challenging periods in Nepal-India relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sewa Lamsal has been lauded as the Nepal\u2019s first female Foreign Secretary and currently serves as Ambassador to Belgium after previously serving in Pakistan. Similarly, Ambika Luitel served with distinction as Nepal\u2019s Ambassador to France. Rita Dhital currently serves as Nepal\u2019s Ambassador to Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nepal has also appointed several women as political ambassadors from diverse professional backgrounds, including academia, civil society, and public service like Gunalakshmi Sharma Bishwakarma for Myanmar, Maya Kumari Sharma for Qatar, Pratibha Rana for Japan, Lucky Sherpa and Chitralekha Yadav for Australia, Dawa Futi Sherpa for Spain, Anjan Shakya and Kanta Rijal for Israel, Sharmila Parajuli Dhakal for Oman and Jyoti Pyakurel and Shiva Maya Tungahamphe for Republic of Korea and Sumnima Tuladhar for Denmark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most of them were bound to shorten their tour of duty due to the frequent changes in the political leadership of Nepal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At present, two career female ambassadors are serving in Brussels and Pakistan while four female Charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires are heading missions in China, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and Denmark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prioritizing women in diplomacy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prioritizing women in diplomacy is essential for strengthening women\u2019s representation and leadership in the overall diplomacy of Nepal. Since the legal provisions and quota systems as provided by the Constitution have not rendered progress as expected, sustained efforts are necessary for further advancement. Robust efforts of reform for recruitment and promotion, expansion of mentorship opportunities, strengthening professional networks, creating family-friendly workplaces and ensuring safe and inclusive working environments will not only help dismantle the persistent underrepresentation of women in senior positions but will also enhance the entire diplomatic stature of Nepal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All the more, breaking the barriers for the advancement of women in diplomacy in Nepal calls for investment in female diplomats through equal representation, responsibility and opportunity. After all, investment in women leadership is an investment for a more inclusive, effective and equitable diplomatic future generations to come.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(This article is written by Sabita Nakarmi, Under Secretary of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal<\/strong>)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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