Nepal’s shift to federalism represents a significant milestone in the country’s political transformation, primarily driven by the demands of marginalized groups seeking better representation and recognition. The federal system, established after years of political unrest, including the Maoist insurgency and the Madheshi movements, aimed to address the deep-rooted exclusion of various ethnic and regional communities. This article examines the emergence of federalism in Nepal and its implications for the country’s national security.
The Emergence of Federalism in Nepal
Federalism in Nepal was not a sudden development. It was born out of political turbulence and dissatisfaction among marginalized communities that felt underrepresented in the former unitary state system. The 1990 Constitution of Nepal, which restored a multiparty democracy, failed to address the aspirations of various ethnic groups, leading to unrest. As the Maoist insurgency gained momentum in the mid-1990s, the demand for federalism became a dominant force, supported by ethnic communities seeking greater autonomy.
The turning point came after the peace process initiated in 2006, which led to the abolition of the monarchy and the formation of the Constituent Assembly. The Interim Constitution of 2008 declared Nepal a federal republic, a decision reinforced by the promulgation of the 2015 Constitution. This new federal structure divided Nepal into three levels of government: federal, provincial, and local, aiming to decentralize power and offer greater autonomy to provinces.
Federalism and National Security Challenges
Despite these structural changes, Nepal continues to face significant national security challenges. As a small state sandwiched between two regional powers, India and China, Nepal’s geopolitical positioning makes it vulnerable to external influences. Its economic interdependence and limited military capacity further complicate its ability to navigate international relations independently.
Internally, the federal system has not entirely resolved issues of political instability and governance. Although federalism has provided platforms for marginalized groups to express their concerns, political fragmentation, lack of coordination between central and provincial governments, and economic disparities persist. These internal issues directly affect Nepal’s national security, as political instability weakens the state’s ability to address security threats effectively.
The Role of Diplomacy in National Security
In the context of these challenges, diplomacy plays a crucial role in safeguarding Nepal’s national security. The country’s foreign policy is guided by principles of neutrality and nonalignment, aiming to maintain balanced relationships with both India and China while engaging in multilateral diplomacy. By participating in international organizations like the United Nations and regional platforms such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Nepal seeks to enhance its diplomatic standing and leverage collective security.
Moreover, soft power—such as Nepal’s rich cultural heritage, its status as the birthplace of Lord Buddha, and its peacekeeping contributions to the UN—serves as an important tool in building international relationships. However, effective diplomacy requires strong leadership and institutions, which Nepal must continue to develop and modernize.
Economic Development as a Pillar of Security
Economic development is closely tied to national security, as a strong economy provides the resources necessary to enhance military capacity, invest in infrastructure, and reduce internal unrest. Nepal has taken steps toward economic development through initiatives like economic diplomacy, foreign direct investment (FDI), and partnerships with international donors. However, the country must continue to focus on fostering inclusive growth and reducing poverty, particularly in rural areas, to ensure long-term stability.
Conclusion
Nepal’s transition to federalism is a significant achievement that offers hope for greater inclusivity and representation. However, the journey is far from over. The country’s national security remains vulnerable due to both internal governance issues and external geopolitical pressures. Strengthening national institutions, modernizing security forces, and enhancing diplomatic strategies are essential for safeguarding Nepal’s sovereignty and security in the federal era.
Ultimately,Nepal’s future security will depend on its ability to balance internal development with its external diplomatic relationships. By fostering a stable and inclusive federal system,Nepal can address the challenges posed by its unique geopolitical position while protecting the interests of its diverse population.
Pradhan is a PhD Scholar at University of International Business and Economics (UIBE), Beijing
